Bone Marrow Transplantation

Bone Marrow TransplantationStem Cell Transplant Haematopoietica
Bone marrow is the tissue found inside bones foam large . haematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow responsible for producing blood cells , including red blood cells , white blood cells and platelets . The stem cells used for transplantation and blood can be taken from bone marrow , peripheral or umbilical cord .Haematopoietic Stem Cell TransplantHaematopoietic stem cell transplantation is a procedure to cure malignant and non-malignant diseases in children . In normal cancer therapy , given the limited number of chemotherapy because it can damage the bone marrow function . Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation allows the use of higher doses of chemotherapy to replace damaged bone marrow . New cells from a donor , which grows in the body will also help kill cancer cells .Stem cells can also be transplanted to replace the missing enzyme or protein in certain genetic diseases orimmune deficiency . Transplant itself involves transfusion of bone marrow or blood stem cell donor patient or afterconditioned with drugs . After two to four weeks , the stem cells are formed and begin producing blood cellsadult . After the formation of graft runs perfectly and the patient is stable , he can get out of the hospital .1.Ditujukan Injury1 . Blood cancers such as leukemia and lymphoma2 . Solid tumors such as neuroblastoma final stage , sarcoma2.Ditujukan for Benign Disease1 . Blood disorders such as aplastic anemia2 . Immune disorders such as immune deficiency diseases at birth3 . Genetic diseases such as thalassemia , metabolic disorders at birth .According to the Academic Press Dictionary of Science Technology , stem cells are defined as cells that serves as a continued source of new cells . These cells could proliferate indefinitely and develop into specialized cells . You could say , this is the mastermind of cells that make up tissues. When we get hurt , for example , these cells act by splitting into new cells to replace damaged cells .To further develop the transplantation , the National Marrow Donor since 1986 Program ( NMDP ) , a nonprofit organization in the U.S. , facilitating bone marrow transplantation and stem cell transplantation . From the list that they set , it turns out there are 72 diseases that can be cured through stem cells . Most are very serious kinds of leukemia disease , various forms of anemia , and myeloma . Scientists believe , heart disease , diabetes , Alzheimer's and Parkinson's as well as a matter of time " touched " with stem cells .Over the last decade , the particulars of stem cells does suck the interest of scientists to study . Many things are revealed so that they understand more about these cells and what they can do . One of them , these cells can contribute extensively in the field of medical treatment .Generally , the younger the source of stem cells , the more pointless . The best source of stem cells from embryos actually means yes . This source is much better because it can " produce " a variety of cell types : heart , lung , muscle , skin . Research and transplantation therapies that are already running , from the spinal cord and from the umbilical cord blood that is now starting to bloom .It's just the quality of the two sources was still below the embryo . That is , not able to generate all cell types . Take for example , stem cells from bone marrow and UCB ( umbilical cord blood , UCB ) is a stem cell haemotopoietic ( HSC ) . That is , HSC only produce cells associated with the blood and immune system - white blood cells ( which fight against infection ) , red blood cells ( courier oxygen to the body ) , and platelets ( blood platelets , blood freeze function ) . Much research is now directed to the source on this one .HSC then used in transplants to produce spinal cord patients , who then can produce red blood cells , white blood cells , and cells clotting . HSC transplantation is necessary when the patient's bone marrow does not function due to an illness . However , for certain types of cancer , high-dose chemotherapy or radiation therapy is still needed to affect treatment . The therapy will destroy the cells in the spinal cord . The HSC transplant is needed to fill the void of blood and immune system .Bone marrow transplantBone marrow is the soft tissue found in the hollow interior of bones which is where most of the production of new blood cells . There are two types of bone marrow : red marrow ( also known as myeloid tissue ) and yellow marrow . Red blood cells , platelets , and most white blood cells produced from red marrow . Yellow marrow produces white blood cells and the color is caused by fat cells that contain a lot . Both types of bone marrow contain numerous blood vessels and capillaries .Bone marrow transplantation is a procedure in which damaged bone marrow is replaced with healthy bone marrow . Damaged bone marrow can be caused by high doses of chemotherapy or radiation therapy . In addition , bone marrow transplantation is also useful to replace blood cells destroyed by cancer . Bone marrow transplantation can use the patient's own bone marrow is still healthy . This is called an autologous bone marrow transplant . Bone marrow transplantation can also be obtained from others . When obtained from identical twins , named syngeneic transplant . Meanwhile, when obtained from non- identical twins , for example, from a sibling , called allogenik transplantation . Today, bone marrow transplantation is most often done allogenik .Why is a bone marrow transplant is needed in the treatment of leukemia ? The main reason is that these patients can be given treatment with high-dose chemotherapy and or radiation therapy . to understand why a bone marrow transplant is needed , also need to understand how chemotherapy and radiation therapy work . Chemotherapy and radiation therapy generally affect cells that divide rapidly . They are used because cancer cells divide more rapidly than healthy cells . However , because bone marrow cells also divide frequently enough , treatment with high doses can damage the cells of the bone marrow . Without healthy bone marrow , patients are unable to produce blood cells are needed . Healthy bone marrow is transplanted to restore the ability to produce blood cells that patients need .The side effects of bone marrow transplantation remain, namely the possibility of infection and also the possibility of bleeding due to high doses of cancer treatment . This can be overcome by administering antibiotics or blood transfusions to prevent anemia . If successful bone marrow transplant , the possibility of up to 70-80 % of patients recover , but still allows for a recurrence . If it does not do a bone marrow transplant , the cure rate is only 40-50 % .Bone marrow (bone marrow ) given during a transplant comes from you or from a donor whose bone marrow matches yours .The matching process is called human leukocyte antigen testing ( HLA testing ) . A series of blood tests to evaluate the suitability or the proximity of the donor and recipient tissue . The results of these tests are used to help lab -type tissue ( tissue - typing lab ) a matching bone marrow donor grafts to you . Bone marrow is pulled / removed through a needle that is inserted into a bone in the hip . This procedure is performed in the operating room and given anesthesia patients overall . If you own bone marrow can not be used for transplantation and if a donor is not found , stem cells ( stem cells ) may be harvested from your blood circulation .Very high doses of chemotherapy and / or radiation therapy are given to destroy the stem cells and blood cells are abnormal . High -dose therapy is essentially " erase " your normal bone marrow . As a result , your blood counts ( the number of red blood cells , white blood cells , and platelets ) quickly fall to low levels .During the maintenance phase , you will be given intravenous fluids to drain your kidneys and downplay damage from chemotherapy . You will also be given medications to control nausea , since chemotherapy often causes nausea and vomiting .Because you will be in a fragile state of health and would not have enough white blood cells to protect you from infection , you will be isolated in your hospital room until after the new bone marrow starts to grow . Health care providers you will give you specific instructions about the isolation procedure . On the day you receive your bone marrow transplantation , bone marrow was harvested infused into a vein through an intravenous tube . Bone marrow blood looks like a dark and viscous . He migrated to the bone cavities are large ( chest bone , skull , hips , ribs and spine ) , and began to produce blood cells are normal after a few weeks . Singapore was only 5-10 percent of hemato - oncology experts who did , among others, at the National Cancer Centre Singapore , National University Hospital , Parkway Cancer Centre , and The West Clinic Excellence Cancer Center . The cost is estimated at USD 3 billion for marrow transplant . The costs for the purposes of supporting and marrow transplant for Singapore .